Presence or absence of gender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form
The varients presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.
Presence or absence of gender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form

The verb in an imperfective clause in standard Marathi agrees with the number and gender of the third person singular subject NP. Consider the standard Marathi sentence kasəw ǰiṅktə, səsa hərto aṇi goṣṭə səmpte (tortoise win.IPFV.3SGN, rabbit lose.IPFV.3SGM and story end.IPFV.3SGF; ‘Tortoise wins (the race), rabbit loses (the race) and the story ends’), the verbs ǰiṅktə, hərto and səmpte agree with the number and gender of the third person singular subjects kasəw, səsa, and goṣṭə respectively. This verbal agreement is optional in some regional dialects of Marathi. The verb may be unmarked for gender as in the following examples: mulga pəḷte ‘boy run.IPFV.3SG’, mulgi pəḷte ‘girl run.IPFV.3SG’ and mul pəḷte ‘child run.IPFV.3SG’.

1.0 Dialectal variation in Presence or absence of gender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form

Two variant structures were observed in the various regional dialects of Marathi for indicating gender agreement on the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form: (1) Gender agreement is present, (2) Gender agreement is variably present. The geographical distribution and examples of the variant structures are given below.

1.1 Variant 1: Gender agreement is present

Gender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form was observed in nineteen of the sampled 34 districts in the state of Maharashtra. The geographical spread of this variant and examples are given below:

District	Taluka and Village
Kolhapur	Karvir - Gadmudshingi and Khupire, Shahuwadi - Shahuwadi and Khutalwadi, Kagal - Gorambe and Ekondi, Chandgad - Chandgad, Tudiye and Kodali, Radhanagari - Sonyachi Shiroli, Gadhinglaj - Hebbal Jaldyal and Inchnal
Sangli	Miraj - Soni and Mhaisal, Shirala - Pachumbri and Shirala (Khurd)
Satara	Khatav - Mandave, Visapur and Mhasurne, Patan - Mhavshi and Helwak, Satara - Chalakewadi and Kodoli, Wai - Chikhali and Pandewadi
Solapur	Solapur - Ranmsale, Dongaon and Nandni, Akkalkot - Karjat, Sangole - Hangirge, Hatid, Sangole and Katfal, Barshi - Gaudgaon and Saundare
Osmanabad	Osmanabad - Shingoli and Kond, Omerga - Jakekur and Kasgi
Latur	Latur - Pakharsangavi, Tandulja and Babhalgaon, Nilanga - Dadgi and Manejavalga, Udgir - Shirol Janapur and Malkapur
Nanded	Nanded - Limbgaon and Pangri, Kinwat - Islapur, Mukhed - Halni
Parbhani	Palam - Banwas, Sonpeth - Tiwthana, Parbhani - Takalgavhan
Beed	Beed - Bedukwadi and Kolharwadi, Shirur-Kasar - Dahiwandi, Ambejogai - Satefal and Daradwadi
Jalna	Jalna - Dhawedi, Mantha - Uswad+Talni and Kendhali
Aurangabad	Aurangabad - Bhikapur-Naigaon and Pimpalkhunta, Vaijapur - Nandgaon and Savkhedganga, Paithan - Telwadi and Pachod (Budruk), Soegaon - Ghosla and Palaskheda
Jalgaon	Jalgaon - Dhamangaon, Jamner - Waghari, Raver - Mangalwadi
Nashik	Nashik - Madsangvi, Palase and Vilholi, Satana - Mulher, Surgana - Kathipada and Surgana, Triambakeshwar - Goldari and Zarwad (Khurd), Yeola - Bokte and Nimgaonmadh
Ahmednagar	Akole - Brahmanwada and Dongargaon, Newsa- Khalalpimpri and Morgavhan, Ahmednagar - Kamargaon and Narayan Doho, Jamkhed - Sawargaon and Javalke
Pune	Haweli - Jambhali and Kesanand, Indapur - Sarafwadi and Saradewadi, Junnar - Bori (Budruk) and Dhamankhel, Mulshi - Kasar-Amboli and Nive
Palghar	Vasai - Saivan, Dahanu - Murbad and Pimpalshet, Jawhar - Hateri and Khambala, Mokhada- Dandwal and Karegaon
Thane	Ambernath - Wangni, Bhiwandi - Bhiwali and Khoni, Murbad - Madh and Patgaon, Shahapur - Borsheti-Kalambe and Chaundhe (Budruk), Thane - Yeoor
Raigad	Karjat - Gaulwadi, Alibag - Baple and Mandwa-Bodni, Roha - Nagothane and Chinchawli, Shriwardhan - Shriwardhan, Mahad - Naravan
Ratnagiri	Ratnagiri - Malgund, Zadgaon and Someshwar, Khed - Savnas, Jamge and Bahiravli, Dapoli - Dabhol and Palgad, Rajapur - Mandrul and Solgaon

1.1.1 Example (District Parbhani, taluka Parbhani, village Takalgawhan, M21, Maratha, B.Com.)
ससा पळतो फुडी गवत खातो थांबतो झ़ोपतो
səsa pəḷto pʰuḍi ɡəwət kʰato tʰambto jʰopto
səsa pəḷ-t-o pʰuḍi ɡəwət kʰa-t-o tʰamb-t-o jʰop-t-o
rabbit.3SGM run-IPFV-3SGM ahead grass.3SGN eat-IPFV-3SGM stop-IPFV-3SGM sleep-IPFV-3SGM
The rabbit runs ahead and eats grass then stop and sleeps.
1.1.2 Example (District Raigad, taluka Alibag, village Baple, M28, Agri, 10th)
तवपासून ती आता भईन तितं ती र्‍हाते
təwpasun ti ata bʰəin titə rʰate
təwpasun ti ata bʰəin titə rʰa-t-e
from that DEM.DIST.3SGF now sister.3SGF there stay-IPFV-3SGF
The sister has been living there ever since.
1.1.3 Example (District Pune, taluka Junnar, village Dhamankhel, M33, Mahadev Koli, 8th)
ती बाई तिच्या शेज़ारच्याला सांगती ना
ti bai tiča šejarčala saṅɡəti na
ti bai ti-č-a šejar-č-a-la saṅɡə-t-i na
DEM.DIST.3SGF woman.3SGF she-GEN-OBL neighbouring-GEN.3SGM-OBL-ACC tell-IPFV-3SGF
The woman tells her neighbor.
1.1.4 Example (District Satara, taluka Khatav, village Mandwe, F35, Mali, 7th)
कासव जिंकतं आनि ससा हारतो
kasəw ǰiṅktə ani səsa harto
kasəw ǰiṅk-t-ə ani səsa har-t-o
tortoise.3SGN win-IPFV-3SGN and rabbit.3SGM loss-IPFV-3SGM
Tortoise wins the race and rabbit loses.
1.2 Variant 2: Gender agreement is variably present

Gender agreement was observed to be variably present (i.e. sometimes absent) in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form in twenty-six of the sampled 34 districts in the state of Maharashtra. The geographical spread of this variant and examples are given below:

District	Taluka and Village
Chandrapur	Chandrapur - Chaknimbala and Datala, Rajura - Kadholi (Budruk) and Koshtala, Brahmapuri - Panchgaon and Torgaon (Budruk)
Gadchiroli	Gadchiroli - Khursa and Shioni, Korchi - Bori and Mohgaon
Gondia	Gondia - Temni and Tedhwa, Sadak Arjuni - Duggipar and Chikhali
Bhandara	Bhandara - Dhargaon and Mujbi, Tumsar - Lobhi and Bori
Nagpur	Nagpur - Yerla and Sonegaon (Lodhi), Bhiwapur - Sawargaon and Botezari, Ramtek - Bhojapur and Karwahi, Narkhed - Umari and Pandhari
Wardha	Wardha - Karanji (Bhoge) and Nimgaon (Sabne), Ashti - Khadka and Thar, Hinganghat - Ajanti and Poti, Selu - Wadgaon Jangli and Zadshi
Yavatmal	Ghatanji - Khapri and Kurli, Ner - Kolura and Dagad Dhanora
Amravati	Amravati - Sawardi and Malkapur, Warud - Satnur and Gadegaon, Daryapur - Bhambora, Jitapur and Bhamod, Dharni - Kawdaziri
Akola	Akola - Gopalkhed and Yeota
Washim	Washim - Shirputi, Risod - Chakoli and Ghonsar, Karnja - Girda and Donad (Budruk)
Hingoli	Hingoli - Karwadi, Kalamnuri - Babhali and Morwad
Nanded	Kinwat - Maregaon (Khalche), Mukhed - Shirur (Dabde), Deglur - Khanapur and Ramtapur
Parbhani	Palam - Kapsi, Sonpeth - Dighol
Beed	Shirur-Kasar - Takalwadi
Solapur	Akkalkot - Kurnur and Chikkehalli
Buldhana	Buldhana - Palaskhed Bhat and Warwand, Jalgaon-Jamod - Wadgaon Patan and Nimkarad, Shegaon - Shirajgaon (Nile) and Padsul
Jalgaon	Jalgaon - Wadli, Jamner - Wakod, Raver - Nirul, Chalisgaon - Hatle and Dahiwad, Chopda - Tandalwadi and Vaijapur
Dhule	Dhule - Laling, Songir, Khede and Khordad, Shirpur - Ambe, Shingave and Boradi, Sakri - Dighave and Dhadne
Nandurbar	Nandurbar - Ghotane and Dhanora, Navapur - Khandbara and Chinchpada, Shahada - Prakasha and Shahada
Nashik	Malegaon - Kalwadi and Kaulane (GA.), Satana - Daregaon
Palghar	Vasai - Wagholi, Kalamb and Nirmal, Dahanu - Bordi and Veti, Talasari - Udhwa
Thane	Ambernath - Usatane
Raigad	Karjat - Salokh, Murud - Ekdara and Chinchghar, Shriwardhan - Bagmandla
Ratnagiri	Rajapur - Kumbhavade
Sindhudurgi	Dodamarg - Ayee and Matne, Malwan - Katta, Deulwada and Dandi, Kudal - Amrad, Mangaon and Kudal, Vengurla - Vengurla, Devgad - Taramumbri and Jamsande, Vaibhavwadi - Nadavde, Sawantwadi - Kolgaon and Satarde
Kolhapur	Radhanagari - Olavan

1.2.1 Example (District Amravati, taluka Amravati, village Sawardi, F19, Mahar, 12th)
शेवटी ससाच़ जिकतो कासव थोडीच़ जिकतं ते
šewṭi səsac ǰikto kasəw tʰoḍic ǰiktə te
šewṭi səsa-c ǰik-t-o kasəw tʰoḍi-c ǰik-t-ə te
lastly raabit-EMPH win-IPFV-3SGM tortoise.3SGN little-EMPH win-IPFV-3SGN DEM.DIST.DIST.3SGN
Finally, rabbit wins (the race), tortoise does not win.
1.2.2 Example (District Amravati, taluka Amravati, village Sawardi, F19, Mahar, 12th)
वाघ म्हनते मी तुला खाइन ससा म्हनते नाही रे माझ़ा छोटासा पिलू हाय तु कशाला मला खातो
waɡʰ mʰənte mi tula kʰain səsa mʰənte nahi re majʰa čʰoṭasa pilu hay tu kəšala məla kʰato
waɡʰ mʰən-t-e mi tu-la kʰa-in səsa mʰən-t-e nahi re ma-jʰ-a čʰoṭasa pilu hay tu kəšala mə-la kʰa-t-o
tiger.3SG say-IPFV-3SG I you-ACC eat-FUT rabbit.3SG say-IPFV-3SG NEG VOC I-GEN-3SGM little.OBL.3SGM kid.3SGM be.PRS you why I-ACC eat-IPFV-2SGM
Tiger says to rabbit, “I will eat you.” Rabbit says, “Please don’t eat me; I have a kid. Why do you want to eat me?”
1.2.3 Example (District Amravati, taluka Amravati, village Sawardi, F19, Mahar, 12th)
माझी आइ म्हनते बा तु म्हनते असा नाही मुलगा तसा नाही कसा भेटन
maǰʰi ai mʰənte ba tu mʰənte əsa nahi mulɡa təsa nahi kəsa bʰeṭən
ma-ǰʰ-i ai mʰən-t-e ba tu mʰən-t-e əsa nahi mulɡa təsa nahi kəsa bʰeṭ-ən
I-GEN-3SGF mother.3SGF say-IPFV-3SG VOC you say-IPFV-2SGF thus.3SGM NEG boy.3SGM thus.3SGM NEG how.3SGM meet-FUT
My mother says (to me), “You say you don’t want a groom like this, like that then how would you find a groom?”
1.2.4 Example (District Amravati, taluka Amravati, village Sawardi, F19, Mahar, 12th)
शेवटी ससाच़ जिकतो कासव थोडीच़ जिकतं ते
šewṭi səsac ǰikto kasəw tʰoḍic ǰiktə te
šewṭi səsa-c ǰik-t-o kasəw tʰoḍi-c ǰik-t-ə te
lastly raabit-EMPH win-IPFV-3SGM tortoise.3SGN little-EMPH win-IPFV-3SGN DEM.DIST.DIST.3SGN
Finally, rabbit wins (the race), tortoise does not win.
1.2.5 Example (District Amravati, taluka Amravati, village Sawardi, F19, Mahar, 12th)
कासव मनते की मी जिकतो
kasəw mənte ki mi ǰikto
kasəw mən-t-e ki mi ǰik-t-o
tortoise.3SG say-IPFV-3SG COMP I win-IPFV-1SGM
The tortoise says, “I will win the race”.
1.2.6 Example (District Chandrapur, taluka Brahmapuri, village Torgaon (Budruk), M22, Rajgond, 10th)
ससा हडू हडूस च़ाल्ला ज़ातो
səsa həḍu həḍus calla jato
səsa həḍu həḍu-s cal-l-a ja-t-o
rabbit.3SGM slowly slowly-EMPH walk-PFV-3SGM go-IPFV-3SGM
The rabbit goes slowly slowly.
1.2.7 Example (District Chandrapur, taluka Brahmapuri, village Torgaon (Budruk), M22, Rajgond, 10th)
ससा ज़ाऊन पाअते
səsa jaun paəte
səsa ja-un paə-t-e
rabbit.3SGM go-CP see-IPFV-3SG
The rabbit goes and looks.
1.2.8 Example (District Chandrapur, taluka Brahmapuri, village Torgaon (Budruk), F80, Kunbi, 2nd)
ही बाइ आय का सांगते का आता
hi bai ay ka saṅɡte ka ata
hi bai ay ka saṅɡ-t-e ka ata
DEM.PROX.3SG woman be.PRS what tell-IPFV-3SG what now
This is a woman, what does she say now?
1.2.9 Example (District Chandrapur, taluka Brahmapuri, village Torgaon (Budruk), M22, Rajgond, 10th)
कासव आपलं हडु हडु जातं
kasəw aplə həḍu həḍu ǰatə
kasəw aplə həḍu həḍu ǰa-t-ə
tortoise we.SELF slow REDUP go-IPFV-3SGN
The tortoise goes slowly.
1.2.10 Example (District Chandrapur, taluka Brahmapuri, village Torgaon (Budruk), M22, Rajgond, 10th)
कासव जिंकुन ज़ाते
kasəw ǰiṅkun jate
kasəw ǰiṅk-un ja-t-e
tortoise win-CP GO-IPFV-3SG
The tortoise wins the (race).